Understanding gynecologic cancer
September 26, 2025
The American Cancer Society estimates more than 110,000 women are diagnosed with gynecologic cancer each year, leading to nearly 33,000 deaths. There are five types of gynecologic cancer: ovarian, endometrial (uterine), cervical, vulvar, and vaginal.
Each type has unique warning signs, but many symptoms overlap, which is why it is important to pay attention to your body and know what feels normal for you.
“Regular gynecological screenings are an effective way to protect your health,” says Lisa Golik, MD, Saint Agnes Care OB/GYN. “By keeping up with routine visits, we can detect gynecological cancers, like cervical cancer, often before symptoms appear, giving patients the best chance for successful treatment.”
Common symptoms to watch for
While symptoms vary by cancer type, many can be mistaken for less serious conditions. Common signs include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
- Changes in discharge
- Feeling full too quickly
- Bloating or gastrointestinal issues
- Abdominal, back, or pelvic pain
- Pelvic pressure
if you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they don't go away, make an appointment with your doctor.
Types of gynecologic cancer
Gynecologic cancers begin in the female reproductive system. These types of cancer may include:
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It most often affects women between ages 35-44 and is strongly linked to HPV (human papillomavirus), a common virus spread through sexual contact. Because symptoms usually appear only after the cancer has spread, regular Pap smears and HPV vaccine are key to prevention.
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries, which produce eggs. Although less common than other gynecological cancers, it has the highest death rate because its early symptoms can be easily missed or mistaken for other conditions. The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown but risk increases with age (over 60) and if it runs in your family.
Uterine (endometrial) cancer
Endometrial cancer develops in the lining of the endometrium or uterus and is the most common gynecologic cancer. About 80% of women with endometrial cancer experience abnormal vaginal bleeding as the first symptom. Another rare type of uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, develops in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus. Again, regular screenings help detect these cancers early, even when symptoms are present.
Vaginal cancer
Another rare form, vaginal cancer, accounts for roughly 2% of all gynecological cancers. It begins in the lining of the vaginal canal and is more common in women over 60, those with HPV, or women who have had cervical cancer in the past.
Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer begins in the external female genitalia (vulva) and usually affects women over 50. Early signs may include skin changes including color change, rough patches or growths. As symptoms may not appear right away, it’s important to see a doctor if you notice any changes.
Why early detection matters
Gynecologic cancers can be life-threatening, but early detection and awareness can save lives. By understanding symptoms and keeping up with regular screenings and checkups, you can take proactive steps toward prevention and early treatment.
If something doesn’t seem right, don’t wait—talk to your healthcare provider.
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